အဂၤလိပ္ Grmmmar သင္ခန္းစာ (၂)... Posted by nyanadipa

တခါတေလမွာ တခ်ဳိ႕ Noun ေတြကို Uncountable နဲ႔ Countable Nouns ေတြ အျဖစ္ ႏွစ္ခုလံုး သံုးတတ္ၾကေသးတယ္။

ဥပမာ-
Countable and Uncountable
- Did you hear a noise just now? (= a specific noise)
- I can’t work here. There’s too much noise.
( ဒီေနရာမွာ too many noises လို႔ ေရးလို႔မရဘူး)
- I bought a paper to read. (= a newspaper)
- I need some paper to write on.
(ေရးဖို႔အတြက္ စာရြက္တစ္ခုခုကို ေျပာတာ)
- There’s a hair in my soup! (= one single hair)
- You’ve got very long hair.
(hairs မဟုတ္ဘူးေနာ္) (= all the hair on your head)
- You can stay with us. There is a spare room. (= a room in a house)
- You can’t sit here. There isn’t room.
(room ဆိုတာက ဒီေနရာမွာ အခန္းကို ေျပာတာမဟုတ္ဘူး။ ေနရာ မရွိဘူးလို႔ ေျပာတာ။ space နဲ႔ အတူတူပါပဲ)
- I have some interesting experiences while I was travelling. (= things that happened to me)
- They offered me the job because I had a lot of experience.
(experiences လို႔ ေရးလို႔မရဘူး)
နမူနာ စာေၾကာင္းေတြကို ေရးေပးလိုက္ဦးမယ္။ စာေၾကာင္းႏွစ္ခုစီ ယွဥ္ၿပီး ၾကည့္သြားပါ။
- I’m looking for a job.
- I’m looking for work. (not a work)
- What a beautiful view!
- What beautiful scenery!
- It’s a nice day today.
- It’s nice weather today.
- We had a lot of bags and cases.
- We had a lot of baggage/luggage.
- These chairs are mine.
- This furniture is mine.
- That’s a good suggestion.
- That’s good advice

THE GERUND

THE GERUND

 Noun ကဲ႕သို႕ အသံုး ၿပဳ ေသာ V-ing ပံုစံ ကို Gerund ဟုေခၚသည္။ “--ၿခင္း” သို႕ မဟုတ္ “----မွဳ “ ဟု အဓိပၸါယ္ ရ သည္။

 ဥပမာ။ ။      Verb                     Gerund          အဓိပၸါယ္

                     walk                walking         လမ္းေလွ်ာက္ၿခင္း

                   read                   reading             စာဖတ္ၿခင္း

                    sing                  singing            သီခ်င္းဆိုၿခင္း

                     speak               speaking            စကားေၿပာၿခင္း

 Remark ။ ။ Gerund သည္ Uncountable Noun မ်ားၿဖစ္သည္။

ARTICLES ( a , an , the )

 # a , an ကိုမတိက်ေသာ၊ တိတိက်က်မသိရေသးေသာ Countable Noun/ Singular Number ေရွ႕ တြင္ သံုးသည္။

 ဥပမာ။ ။ a book , an apple , an aeroplane , a man , a kite # ‘an’ ကို a,e,i,o,u မွသရတစ္လံု း ႏွင္႕ အစၿပဳေသာ Singular Numberေရွ႕တြင္လည္းေကာင္း၊ a,e,i,o,u ႏွင္႕မစေသာ္လည္း ‘အ’ အသံထြက္ေသာ ‘Singular Number’ ေရွ႕တြင္လည္းေကာင္း သံုးသည္။

ဥပမာ။ ။ an orange , an umbrella , an ox , an animal ,an elephant , an ice – cream , an hour , an honest man , an M.A student # a,e,i,o,u ႏွင္႕လည္းမစေသာ၊ ‘အ’ သံလည္းမထြက္ေသာ Singular Number မ်ား၏ေရွ႕တြင္ ’a’ကိုသံုးသည္။

 ဥပမာ။ ။ a book , a teacher , a tiger , a used car , #တိတိက်က်သိၿပီးေသာ Noun ၏ေရွ႕တြင္ the ကိုသံုးသည္။ Singular (or) Plural Number အားလံုးအတြက္သံုးသည္။ မတိက်ရင္- an,a တိက်ရင္-the The ကိုသံုးသည္႕ေနရာမ်ား....

 (A)ဒုတိယအႀကိမ္ထပ္မံေဖာ္ၿပသည္႕Nounေရွ႕တြင္လည္းေကာင္း.......

 ဥပမာ။ ။ I saw a cow . The cow was white. (B)သိၿပီးေသာသူသို႕မဟုတ္သိၿပီးေသာအေႀကာင္းအရာကိုရည္ၫႊန္းေၿပာဆိုသည္႕အခါတြင္လည္း ေကာင္း-

ဥပမာ။ ။ The boy in the corner is my friend . 

(c)အမ်ားသိၿပီးေသာ သို႕မဟုတ္ ကမၻာေပၚတြင္တစ္ခုတည္းသာရွိေသာNounေရွ႕ တြင္လည္းေကာင္း-

ဥပမာ။ ။ the moon , the earth , the sun ,............. 

(D)ေနရာေဒသတစ္ခုတြင္ တစ္မ်ိဳးတည္းသာရွိေသာNounေရွ႕တြင္လည္းေကာင္း-

ဥပမာ။ ။ The University of Florida , Father is working in the garden . 

(E) morning , afternoon , evening ,တို႕၏ေရွ႕တြင္လည္းေကာင္း-

ဥပမာ။ ။ in the morning , in the afternoon , in the evening , 

(F)–est , mostပါေသာ Adjective တို႕၏ေရွ႕တြင္လည္းေကာင္း-

ဥပမာ။ ။ the most beautiful girl, the biggest house ,.......... 

(G)fist , second , last , onlyစေသာစကားလံုးတို႕၏ေရွ႕တြင္လည္းေကာင္း-

ဥပမာ။ ။ the first prize , the last month , the only one dirty dress , ......... # ကိုယ္ပိုင္အမည္၏ေရွ႕တြင္the မသံုးရ။ 

(a) Yangon is the capital of Myanmar.

 (b)Newtown was a great philosopher.

 (c)Maung Maung is a student. ## school,church, bed , collerge, table, hospital,market,prison တို႕ေရွ႕တြင္ the မသံုးရ။သံုးလွ်င္အဓိပၸါယ္ေၿပာင္းသြားတတ္သည္။

(a)He goes to school . သူသည္ေက်ာင္းသို႕သြားသည္။(စာသင္ရန္)

(b)He goes to the school . သူသည္ေက်ာင္းသို႕သြားသည္။(စာသင္ရန္မဟုတ္ဘဲ အၿခားကိစၥ တစ္ခုခုအတြက္သြားၿခင္း)

We go to church on Sunday . (၀တ္ၿပဳရန္သြားၿခင္း)

I met him at the church. ( ၀တ္ၿပဳရန္မဟုတ္ဘဲ အၿခားကိစၥ တစ္ခုခုအတြက္သြားၿခင္း) 

EXERCISE(2) Complete the following sentences by filling ‘a’ or ‘an’ or ‘the’ as may be suitable. (1)--------able man has not always a distinguished look.

 (2)Honest man speak --------truth.

 (3)He is not ------------honourable man. 

(4)The world is ------------ wonderful lamp.

 (5)---------sun shines brightly .

 (6)Yesterday --------European came at my office. 

(7)Ma Ni got ---------- best present.

 (8)French is ------------ easy language.

 (9)Which is ----------- longest river in Myanmar ?

 (10) The children found ------------- egg in the nest. 

(11) She is --------- untidy girl. 

(12) U Ba has come without -------------- umbrella .

 (13)----------lion is --------- king of beast .

 (14)Ceylon is ----------island .

 (15)Do you see ----------- blue sky ?

 (16)My uncle is still in ---------hospital. Noun

 

Phrase(နာမ္အစု):

 Nounႏွင္႕ဆံုးေသာစကားစုကိုNoun Phraseဟုေခၚသည္။

၄င္းတြင္Determiner(the,a,this,some,......),

Adjective,Adverb,Nounစသည္တို႕ပါ ၀င ္သည္။ Subject (ၿပဳလုပ္သူ)ႏွင္႕

Completement (ၿဖည္႕စြက္ခ်က္) တို႕သည္ အမ်ားအားၿဖင္႕ Noun Phraseမ်ားၿဖစ္ၾကသည္။

 ဥပမာ။ ။1. a beautiful girl

2. Some people A Adj n D n DETERMINERS Noun ၏ ေရွ႕တြင္ သံုးရေသာအေရအတြက္ၿပစကားလံုး( a,some,any,a few,much,......ႏွင္႕ၫႊန္ၿပစကားလံုး(this,that,those,..........) စသည္မ်ားကိုDeterminers မ်ားဟုေခၚသည္။ # Noun ႏွင့္ တြဲသံုးရေသာ Determiners မ်ား မွာ-- (a)a,an,one,this,that,every,each, ကို Countable Noun, Singular Number (ေရတြက္ရနာမ္၊ တစ္ခုကိန္း) ႏွင္႕ တြဲသံုးရသည္။

* a,an,one,this,that,every,each, + Countable Noun, Singular Number* (b)two,three,four,.....,these,those,many,few,a few, ကို (ေရတြက္ရနာမ္၊အမ်ားကိန္း)ႏွင္႕တြဲသံုးရသည္။

*two,three,four,.....,these,those,many,few,a few,+ Countable Noun, Plural Number* (c)all,a lot of ကို Countable Noun, Plural Number (ေရတြက္ရနာမ္၊အမ်ားကိန္း) ႏွင္႕ လည္းေကာင္း Uncountable Noun (ေရတြက္မရနာမ္) ႏွင္႕ လည္းေကာင္း တြဲသံုးရသည္။

* all,a lot of + Countable Noun, Plural Number/ Uncountable Noun*

(d) much, little, a little , this , that , ကို Uncountable Noun (ေရတြက္မရနာမ္) ႏွင္႕ တြဲသံုးရသည္။ *much, little, a little , this , that , + Uncountable Noun*

(e) some ,any, no, the, ကို All Nouns (နာမ္အားလံုး) ႏွင္႕ တြဲသံုးရသည္။

*some ,any, no, the+ All Nouns* (f)fewer........than ကို Countable Noun ႏွင္႕တြဲသံုးၿပီး ၊ less .......than ကို Uncountable Noun ႏွင္႕တြဲသံုးကာ more.........thanကို All Nouns (နာမ္အားလံုး) ႏွင္႕ တြဲသံုးရသည္။

* fewer........than + Countable Noun* / *less .......than + Uncountable Noun * /

* more .........than+ All Nouns* Pets (အိမ္ေမြးတိရိ စၦာန္ မ်ား) Cat rabbit dog hamster မီးတိုပါးတြဲႀကြက္ Boy & Girl (ေယာက္်ားေလးႏွင္႕မိန္းကေလး) Boy Girl

EX ERCISE (3) Choose the correct determiners in the following sentences.

1.He doesn’t have (many/much) money.

2.I would like (a few/a little) salt on my vegetables.

3.She bought (that/those) cards last night.

4.These are ( less/fewer) students in this room than in the next room.

5.There is( too much/ too many) bad news on T.V tonight.

6.I don’t want (these/this) water.

7.This is (too many/too much) information to learn.

8.A (few/little) people left early.

9.Would you like (less/fewer) coffee than this?

10.This jacket costs (too much/too many).

11.I saw (a/an/the) young man.

12.Who is (a/the) boy standing at the door?

13.We get light and heat from (a/the) sun.

14.He is (a/the) cleverest boy in our class.

15.(A/An/The) earth is round.

16.This house is very nice. Has it got (a/the) garden?

17.It’s a beautiful day. Let’s sit in (a/an/the) garden.

18.What is (the/a) name of that man we met yesterday?

19.There isn’t (a/an/the) airport near where I live.

 20.He has (less/few) friends.

21.She has(many/much) free time.

 

PRONOUN (နာမ္စား)

PRONOUN (နာမ္စား)

Pronoun တြင္ (1)Personal Pronoun (2)Demonstrative Pronoun (3)Relative Pronoun (4)Indefinite Pronoun (5)Interrogative Pronoun

(1)Personal Pronoun ;

 Person သံုးမ်ိဳးရွိသည္။

 (a)First Person (ပထမလူ/ေၿပာသူ)---------- I (ကြ်ႏ္ုပ္သည္), We (က်ြႏ္ုပ္တို႕သည္)

 (b)Second Person (ဒုတိယလူ။နားေထာင္သူ)--- You (သင္သည္) You (သင္တို႕သည္)

(c)Third Person (တတိယလူ/တစ္ဆင္႕ေၿပာခံရသူ)- He (သူသည္), She(သူမသည္),It(၄င္းသည္) , They(သူတို႕သည္/သူမတို့သည္/၄င္းတို႕သည္)

Personal Pronoun ကို- (1)Subject Pronoun (ကတၱား၊ ၿပဳလုပ္သူ၊ ရွိသူ၊နာမ္ စား) (2)Object Pronoun (က၊ံခံရသူနာမ္စား) (3)Possessive Adjective (Noun မ်ား၏ပိုင္ဆိုင္မွဳကိုသာၿပသသည္။)

(4)Possessive Pronoun (ပိုင္ဆိုင္မွဳၿပနာမ္စား) (5)Reflexive Pronoun (ၿပဳသူႏွင္႕ၿပဳလုပ္ခံရသူ အတူတူၿဖစ္ေႀကာင္းၿပသေသာနာမ္စား) ဟူၿပီးခြဲၿခားေလ႕လာႏိုင္သည္။

 First Person

Name of Personal Pronoun                        Singular                          Plural   

Subject Pronoun (သည္၊ က၊ မွာ၊ တြင္)                I(က်ြႏု္ပ္သည္) we(က်ြႏု္ပ္တို႕သည္)

Object Pronoun (ကို၊ အား)                             me(က်ြႏု္ပ္ကို)         us(က်ြႏု္ပ္တို႕ကို) Possessive Adjective (၏ ၊ ရဲ႕)                          my(က်ြႏု္ပ္၏)       our(က်ြႏု္ပ္တို႕၏) Possessive Pronoun (၏ ၊ ရဲ႕ /ဟာ)          mine(က်ြႏု္ပ္၏ဟာ)   ours(က်ြႏု္ပ္တို႕၏ဟာ) Reflexive Pronoun (ကိုယ္တိုင္)         Myself(က်ြႏု္ပ္ကိုယ္တိုင္)  ourselves(က်ြႏု္ပ္တို႕ကိုယ္တိုင္) Second Person

Name of Personal Pronoun                       Singular               Plural

 Subject Pronoun (သည္၊ က၊ မွာ၊ တြင္)      you( သင္သည္) you(သင္တို႕သည္)

Object Pronoun (ကို၊ အား)                      you(သင္႕ကို)         you(သင္တို႕ကို)

Possessive Adjective (၏ ၊ ရဲ႕)                  your(သင္၏)           yourသင္တို႕၏)

 Possessive Pronoun (၏ ၊ ရဲ႕ /ဟာ)          yours(သင္၏ဟာ)  yours (သင္တို႕၏ဟာ) Reflexive Pronoun (ကိုယ္တိုင္)          yourself(သင္ကိုယ္တိုင္)  yourselves(သင္တို႕ကိုယ္တိုင္) Third Person Name of Personal Pronoun        Singular                  Plural

Subject Pronoun (သည္၊ က၊ မွာ၊ တြင္)             He ( သူသည္)       She ( သူမသည္)                         It (၄င္းသည္)

They ( သူတို႕သည္)

They ( သူမတို႕သည္)

They (၄င္းတို႕သည္)

Object Pronoun (ကို၊ အား)

Him (သူ႕ကို) Her (သူမကို) It (၄င္းကို) Them (သူ႕တို႕ကို) Them (သူမတို႕ကို)

Them (၄င္းတို႕ကို)

Possessive Adjective (၏ ၊ ရဲ႕) His (သူ၏) Her (သူမ၏) Its(၄င္း၏) Their(သူတို႕၏) Their(သူမတို႕၏) Their(၄င္းတို႕၏) Possessive Pronoun (၏ ၊ ရဲ႕ /ဟာ) His(သူ၏ဟာ) Hers(သူမ၏ဟာ) Its(၄င္း၏ဟာ) Theirs(သူတို႕၏ဟာ) Theirs(သူမတို႕၏ဟာ) Theirs(၄င္းတို႕၏ဟာ)

Reflexive Pronoun (ကိုယ္တိုင္) Himself(သူကိုယ္တိုင္) Herself(သူမကိုယ္တိုင္) Itself(၄င္းကိုယ္တိုင္) Themselves(သူတို႕ကိုယ္တိုင္) Themselves(သူမတို႕ကိုယ္တိုင္) Themselves(၄င္းတို႕ကိုယ္တိုင္)

(1)Subject Pronoun: I, We , You , He , She , It , They တို႕ကို၀ါက်၏ၿပဳလုပ္သူ (ကတၱား) Subject ေနရာတြင္သံုးသည္။

ဥပမာ။ ။ (1) I am a boy. (2) She and I have seen this movie before . (3) We students are going to have a party. (4) They are sitting under the tree . (5) It is a chair . (2)Object Pronoun: me, us, you , him, her , it , them တို႕ကို၀ါက်၏ၿပဳလုပ္ခံရသူ (ကံပုဒ္) Object ေနရာတြင္သံုးသည္။

ဥပမာ။ ။ (1) The teacher gave him a book. (2) John told her a story . (3) Mary is going to dance with me . (4) I shall give this rose to her . (5) I have no trust in him . (3)Possessive Pronoun:mine , ours , yours ,his, hers ,its, theirs,တို႕သည္ ပိုင္ဆိုင္မွဳ ကိုေဖာ္ၿပသည္႕ Noun ကို ကိုယ္စားၿပဳထားေသာ Pronoun မ်ား ၿဖစ္ ႀကသည္။

ဥပမာ။ ။ (1) This is my book. This is mine . (2) Her dress is white and my dress is red.Hers is white and mine is red. (4)Possessive Adjective : my, our, your , his, her , its , their တို႕သည္ Possessive Adjective မ်ားၿဖစ္ ၾကသည္။။

Possessive Adjective သည္၄င္း၏ေနာက္မွလိုက္လာေသာ Noun မ်ား၏ပိုင္ဆိုင္ မွဳ ကိုသာ ၿပသည္။ Noun ကို ကိုယ္စား မၿပဳ ေပ။

ဥပမာ။ ။ (1) This is not my book. (2) She forgot her homework this morning. (3)Your teacher is the same as his teacher. (5)Reflexive Pronoun: myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselves,himself,herself,itself,themselves တို႕သည္ Reflexive Pronoun မ်ားၿဖစ္ၾကသည္။

Verb ၏ ေနာက္မွလိုက္ တတ္ၿပီး Subj သည္ ၿပဳလုပ္သူလည္းၿဖစ္ၿပီး ၊ ခံစား သူ သည္လည္း ၄င္း Subj ပင္ၿဖစ္သည္။

ဥပမာ။ ။ (1) I washed myself . (2) They were talking among themselves.

(3) You yourself must do this homework. (4) He cut himself with a knife .

Note: : (1) Preposition တို႕၏ေနာက္တြင္Object Pronoun ကိုသာသံုး ရသည္။

ဥပမာ။ ။ (1) I shall give this rose to her. (2) I have no trust in him. Note: :

(2) than , asတို႕ကိ္ု စကားဆက္အၿဖစ္သံုးေသာ၀ါက်တြင္ ၄င္းတို႕၏ေနာက္တြင္ Suybject Pronoun ကိုသာသံုး ရ သည္။ ဥပမာ။ ။ (1) I am stronger than he.

(2) You are not as they . Note: :

(3)ေအာက္ပါ၀ါက်ႏွစ္ခုတြင္သံုးထားေသာ Pronoun ေပၚ မူ တည္ ၿပီး အဓိပၸါယ္ ကြာၿခား သည္ကိုသတိၿပဳပါ။

ဥပမာ။ ။ (1) I love you more than she (does). သင္႕ကိုသူမခ်စ္တာထက္ငါကပိုခ်စ္တယ္။

Subj-pron (2) I love you more than her . ငါကသူမထက္သင္႕ကို ပို ခ်စ္တယ္။

obj-pron Note: : (4) and ႏွင္႕တြဲထားေသာNoun,Pronoun ႏွစ္လံုးသည္တူညီရသည္။

ဥပမာ။ ။ (1) They asked Ko Ko and me to eat .

obj obj-pron (2) Khin Khin and I go to the market . subj subj-pron

EXERCISE (4) Supply the correct pronoun.

(1)He must clean (he) shoes. 1....................

(2)Ko Ko took (I) bag. 2.....................

(3)(We) school is big. 3......................

(4)I like (you) shirt. 4.....................

(5)They call (he) Bo Bo. 5..................

(6)You know (she) mother well. 6...................

(7)I saw (they) in the market . 7...................

 (8)The teacher teaches (we) English. 8....................

 (9)The boys visited (they) village. 9...................

(10)Mg Mg is (he) brother. 10....................

(11)Mother told (I) story .

11.................                                                                                                                      (12)Mu Mu cleaned (she) teeth.

12................                                                                                                                  (13)The teacher told (they) to do the exercises.

13...............                                                                                                                          (14)(I) father is a doctor.

14.........................                                                                                                                     (15)The dog wags (it) tail. 15......................

(16)These are your books, those are (I) . 16..........................

 (17)This book belongs to (I). 17.............................

(18)I must do(I) hgomework. 18............................

(19)Your fingers are longer than (I) . 19...........................

 (20)Tell (I) the time ,please. 20............................. (21)(She) does (she) homework every day. 21...................

 (22)His parents love (he) very much. 22. .................

(23)Our teacher told (we) to finish the work. 23.......................

 (24)My house is big but (you) is bigger . 24............................... (25)That book is (she) . 25...............................

 (26)Ma Ni and (I) were present . 26.............................

(27)Wait for Hari and (I) . 27........................

 (28) I will go ( I ). 28...................... .................................

End....................

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